gre issue写作提纲思路与分析9

    issue87

　　87. "In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries."

　　在所有的研究领域中，新手要比专家更有可能获得重要的发现。

　　【提纲】

　　1 诚然，新手因为刚入门，对事物充满了好奇心，并且由于缺乏专业知识，所以可以在一定程度上排除定势思维。

　　2 但是我认为在一个领域要有重大发现是需要一定的背景知识做为前提的。【例子，Freud developed　his psycho-analysis approach for the treatment of psychological and emotional disorders.这个治疗方法的发现是建立在Freud 深厚的心理学背景知识和多年对心理学的研究上的】牛顿的巨人观点;瓦特发明蒸汽机也是如此;一开始哪能马上达到正确深入的研究呢;那个step by step 的话

　　3 其实要获得重大发现我认为应该结合新手和老手的优势，既要有一定的知识背景的积累，又要有新手开拓创新的精神。比如碰到一个问题不要只是按正向思维，可以逆向思维【converse thinking】

　　【关于弗洛伊德的简介】

　　Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 at Freiberg, Moravia, now Pribor in the Czech Republic. Freud developed the techniques of "Psycho-Analysis" for the treatment of psychological and emotional disorders.Freud graduated as Doctor of Medicine from the Medical School of the University of Vienna in 1881. In September 1891 Freud moved to 19 Berggasse in Vienna where he lived and worked for the next 47 years.In 1896 in his paper, "The Aetiology of Hysteria," Freud first used the term "Psycho-Analysis." In October of 1902 a circle of physicians grouped around Freud began a weekly discussion of Psycho-Analysis. From 1908 on the group called itself "Vienna Psycho-Analytical Society." In 1910 the "International Psycho-Analytical Association" was formed in Nuremberg with Swiss psychologist Carl Jung as the first president. Psycho-analysis soon gained acceptance all over the world as a scientific discipline and as a therapeutical approach.

　　On March 12, 1938 German troops marched into Austria and the Nazis assumed power. Freud's daughter　Anna was arrested on March 22 by the Gestapo and held for a day. On June 4, following numerous international interventions, Freud was allowed to emigrate to London with his wife, his youngest daughter Anna, his housekeeper Paula Fichtl and his medical caretaker Josefine Stross. Freud's other children also　managed to escape. His brother lost all his property when he left Vienna, and four elderly and infirm sisters were forced to remain in Vienna and killed in concentration camps in 1941. Freud moved to a house at 20 Maresfield Gardens in London's Hampstead section. Sigmund Freud died on September 23, 1939. "The Sigmund Freud Museum" was opened in his former office at 19 erggasse, Vienna in 1971.

　　通过这种提纲式的弄清gre写作思路，即使考试的时候写了提纲，也还有充足的时间给考生答题。